The course covers error sources, classification, and propagation; probability theory; and matrix algebra fundamentals essential for solving linear systems. Students master least squares adjustment for linear and non-linear geodetic models using observation equations and statistical inference techniques, including confidence intervals, hypothesis testing, and curve fitting. Laboratory work applies computational methods (spreadsheets/software) to solve error propagation in traverse surveys, angle/distance observations, and elevation determination. Emphasis is placed on data quality assessment through numerical descriptors, graphical representation (e.g., histograms), and precision/accuracy validation. The course equips students with a strong foundation for ensuring data reliability in real-world surveying problems and advanced geodetic adjustments.

Principles of the establishment and densification of horizontal and geodetic

control networks; triangulation; trilateration; traverse; total station systems;

global position systems; accuracy standards and specifications; the Philippine Reference Systems of 1992

Basic organization for oral presentations; using visual aids in oral presentations.